Homework 8

Type classes

This homework is written in literate Haskell; you can download the raw source to fill in yourself. You’re welcome to submit literate Haskell yourself, or to start fresh in a new file, literate or not.

Please submit homeworks via the DCI submission page.

module Hw08 where

import Control.Applicative
import Data.Char

This homework will be published in two parts. Both parts are due on 2015-11-15, but the second part won’t be published until 2015-11-09.

The first part consists of three problems, all on type classes.

Second part consists of two problems: one using the material from lecture on Wednesday, one a short answer question.

Part 1

Problem 1: Eq and Show (5pts)

data ArithExp = 
    Num Int
  | Plus ArithExp ArithExp
  | Times ArithExp ArithExp
  | Neg ArithExp

Write Eq and Show instances for ArithExp.

The Eq instance should compare for structural equality—Plus (Num 5) (Num 3) == Plus (Num 5) (Num 3) yield True, but Plus (Num 5) (Num 3) == Plus (Num 3) (Num 5) yields False.

The Show instance should print as few parentheses as possible. That is, show (Plus (Num 5) (Plus (Num 6) (Num 36))) should return "5 + 6 + 36", not "5 + (6 + 36)". Similarly, show (Plus (Num 5) (Times (Num 6) (Num 36))) should return 5 + 6 * 36, because multiplication has a higher precedence than addition. But show (Times (Num 5) (Plus (Num 6) (Num 36))) should return "5 * (6 + 36)"“.

instance Eq ArithExp where

  _ == _ = undefined

instance Show ArithExp where
  show = undefined

Problem 2: Setlike (10pts)

Here is a type class Setlike. A given type constructor f, of kind * -> *, is Setlike if we can implement the following methods for it. (Recall Listlike from lecture.)

class Setlike f where
  emp :: f a

  singleton :: a -> f a

  union :: Ord a => f a -> f a -> f a
  union = fold insert

  insert :: Ord a => a -> f a -> f a 
  insert = union . singleton

  delete :: Ord a => a -> f a -> f a
  delete x s = fold (\y s' -> if x == y then s' else insert y s') emp s

  isEmpty :: f a -> Bool
  isEmpty = (==0) . size

  size :: f a -> Int
  size = fold (\_ count -> count + 1) 0 

  isIn :: Ord a => a -> f a -> Bool
  isIn x s = maybe False (const True) $ getElem x s

  getElem :: Ord a => a -> f a -> Maybe a

  fold :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> f a -> b

  toAscList :: f a -> [a] -- must return the list sorted ascending
  toAscList = fold (:) []

In the rest of this problem, you’ll define some instances for Setlike and write some code using the Setlike interface. Please write the best code you can. Setlike has some default definitions, but sometimes you can write a function that’s more efficient than the default. Do it. Write good code.

Define an instance of Setlike for lists. Here’s an example that should work when you’re done—it should be the set {0,2,4,6,8}.

evensUpToTen :: [Int]
evensUpToTen = fold insert emp [0,2,4,6,8]

Here’s a type of binary trees. Define a Setlike for BSTs, using binary search algorithms. Write good code. I expect insertion, lookup, and deletion to all be O(log n).

data BST a = Empty | Node (BST a) a (BST a)

Write Eq and Show instances for BSTs. These might be easier to write using the functions below.

instance Ord a => Eq (BST a) where
  s1 == s2 = undefined

instance Show a => Show (BST a) where
  show = undefined

Write the following set functions. You’ll have to use the Setlike interface, since you won’t know which implementation you get.

fromList should convert a list to a set.

fromList :: (Setlike f, Ord a) => [a] -> f a
fromList = undefined

difference should compute the set difference: X - Y = { x in X | x not in Y }.

difference :: (Setlike f, Ord a) => f a -> f a -> f a
difference xs ys = undefined

subset should determine whether the first set is a subset of the other one. X ⊆ Y iff ∀ x. x ∈ X implies x ∈ Y.

subset :: (Setlike f, Ord a) => f a -> f a -> Bool
subset xs ys = undefined

Problem 3: maps from sets (10pts)

Finally, let’s use sets to define maps—a classic data structure approach.

We’ll define a special notion of key-value pairs, KV k v, with instances to force comparisons just on the key part.

newtype KV k v = KV { kv :: (k,v) }

instance Eq k => Eq (KV k v) where
  (KV kv1) == (KV kv2) = fst kv1 == fst kv2

instance Ord k => Ord (KV k v) where
  compare (KV kv1) (KV kv2) = compare (fst kv1) (fst kv2)

instance (Show k, Show v) => Show (KV k v) where
  show (KV (k,v)) = show k ++ " |-> " ++ show v

type Map f k v = f (KV k v)
type ListMap k v = Map [] k v
type TreeMap k v = Map BST k v

Now define the following map functions that work with Setlike.

emptyMap :: Setlike f => Map f k v
emptyMap = undefined

lookup :: (Setlike f, Ord k) => k -> Map f k v -> Maybe v
lookup k m = undefined

extend :: (Setlike f, Ord k) => k -> v -> Map f k v -> Map f k v
extend k v m = undefined

remove :: (Setlike f, Ord k) => k -> Map f k v -> Map f k v
remove k m = undefined

toAssocList :: Setlike f => Map f k v -> [(k,v)]
toAssocList = undefined

You’ll have to think hard about what to do for lookup and remove… what should v be? Can you use lazy evaluation to your advantage?

Part 2

Problem 4: parsing with Applicative (10pts)

Note that you’ll need to add import Control.Applicative to the top of the file to get the below to work. You’ll also need to rename the empty method of the Setlike class to emp. Sorry for the confusion. :(

We’ll use Applicative to do some parsing. Here are the definitions from lecture.

pair :: Applicative f => f a -> f b -> f (a,b)
pair = liftA2 (,)

first :: (a -> b) -> (a,c) -> (b,c)
first f (a,c) = (f a, c)

newtype Parser a = Parser { parse :: String -> Maybe (a,String) }

instance Functor Parser where
  fmap f p = Parser $ \s -> maybe Nothing (Just . first f) (parse p s)

instance Applicative Parser where
  pure a = Parser $ \s -> Just (a,s)
  f <*> a = Parser $ \s -> maybe Nothing (\(g,s') -> parse (fmap g a) s') $ parse f s

instance Alternative Parser where
  empty = Parser $ const empty
  l <|> r = Parser $ \s -> parse l s <|> parse r s

ensure :: (a -> Bool) -> Parser a -> Parser a
ensure p parser = Parser $ \s ->
   case parse parser s of
     Nothing -> Nothing
     Just (a,s') -> if p a then Just (a,s') else Nothing

lookahead :: Parser (Maybe Char)
lookahead = Parser f
  where f [] = Just (Nothing,[])
        f (c:s) = Just (Just c,c:s)


eof :: Parser ()
eof = Parser $ \s -> if null s then Just ((),[]) else Nothing

zeroOrMore, oneOrMore :: Parser a -> Parser [a]
oneOrMore p = (:) <$> p <*> zeroOrMore p -- a/k/a some
zeroOrMore p = oneOrMore p <|> pure [] -- a/k/a many

satisfy :: (Char -> Bool) -> Parser Char
satisfy p = Parser f
  where f [] = Nothing
        f (x:xs) = if p x then Just (x,xs) else Nothing

spaces :: Parser ()
spaces = pure () <* zeroOrMore (satisfy isSpace)

char :: Char -> Parser Char
char c = spaces *> satisfy (==c)

str :: String -> Parser String
str s = spaces *> loop s
  where loop [] = pure []
        loop (c:cs) = (:) <$> satisfy (==c) <*> loop cs

type Id = String

data Expr =
    EVar Id
  | ETrue
  | EFalse
  | EIf Expr Expr Expr
  | ENum Int
  | EIncr Expr
  | EDecr Expr
  | EIsZero Expr
  | EApp Expr Expr
  | ELam Id Expr
  deriving (Show, Eq)

Write a parser for the Expr language from HW05.

expr :: Parser Expr
expr = undefined

One of the key issues will be discriminating identifiers from tokens. You’ll want to use lookahead to do that. Good luck!

Problem 5: your thoughts on parsing (5pts)

You’ve now seen three different styles of parser—manually, using a lexer/parser generator, and using combinators—and written two of them, at least.

What are the pros and cons of each style?

What do you prefer?

Are there times when you would use one kind of parser over another?

CSCI 131 Fall '15

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Homework 8

Type classes

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