Homework 2

Haskell training, part II; semantics

This homework is written in literate Haskell; you can download the raw source to fill in yourself. You’re welcome to submit literate Haskell yourself, or to start fresh in a new file, literate or not.

Please submit homeworks via the DCI submission page.

In this homework, we’re going to use Haskell more earnestly. We’ll start using some of its standard library’s functions and datatypes—we’ll even try defining our own datatypes.

Unless I say otherwise, you’re free to use any functions from the Prelude.

module Hw02 where

The following imports are needed for problem 5.

import qualified Data.Map as Map
import Data.Map (Map, (!))

import qualified Data.Set as Set
import Data.Set (Set)

Problem 1: recursion, naturally

We’re going to define each of the functions we defined in problem 1 of homework 1. But we’re going to do it using higher-order functions that are built into the Prelude. In particular, we’re going to use map, filter, and the two folds, foldr and foldl.

Define a function sumUp that sums up a list of numbers.

sumUp :: [Int] -> Int
sumUp l = undefined

Define a function evens that selects out the even numbers from a list.

evens :: [Int] -> [Int]
evens l = undefined

Define a function incAll that increments a list of numbers by one.

incAll :: [Int] -> [Int]
incAll l = undefined

Define a function incBy that takes a number and then increments a list of numbers by that number.

incBy :: Int -> [Int] -> [Int]
incBy n l = undefined

Define a function rev that reverses a list. Don’t use anything but a folding function (your choice) and the list constructors.

rev :: [Int] -> [Int]
rev l = undefined

Define two versions of the function append that appends two lists. One, appendr, should use foldr; the other, appendl, should use foldl. You can use the list constructors and rev.

appendr :: [Int] -> [Int] -> [Int]
appendr l1 l2 = undefined

appendl :: [Int] -> [Int] -> [Int]
appendl l1 l2 = undefined

Problem 2: defining higher-order functions

We’re going to define several versions of the map and filter functions manually, using only natural recursion and folds—no using the Prelude or list comprehensions Note that I’ve written the polymorphic types for you.

Define map1 using natural recursion.

map1 :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
map1 = undefined

Define map2 using a folding function.

map2 :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
map2 f l = undefined

Define filter1 using natural recursion.

filter1 :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
filter1 = undefined

Define filter2 using a folding function.

filter2 :: (a -> Bool) -> [a] -> [a]
filter2 p l = undefined

Problem 3: more on datatypes

We’ve already briefly seen the Maybe type in the first homework. In the next two problems, we’ll look at Maybe, pairs, and Either in more detail.

Haskell’s type system is rigid compared to most other languages. In time, you will come to view this as a feature—languages that let you ‘cheat’ their safety mechanisms end up making you pay for it with complexity elsewhere. But for now, let’s get familiar with the structures and strictures of types.

The Maybe datatype introduces nullability in a controlled fashion—values of the type Maybe a can be Nothing or Just x, where x is a value of type a.

Write a function mapMaybe that behaves like map when its higher-order function argument returns Just x, but filters out results where the function returns Nothing.

mapMaybe :: (a -> Maybe b) -> [a] -> [b]
mapMaybe = undefined

The pair datatype allows us to aggregate values: values of type (a,b) will have the form (x,y), where x has type a and y has type b.

Write a function swap that takes a pair of type (a,b) and returns a pair of type (b,a).

swap :: (a,b) -> (b,a)
swap = undefined

Write a function pairUp that takes two lists and returns a list of paired elements. If the lists have different lengths, return a list of the shorter length. (This is called zip in the prelude. Don’t define this function using zip!)

pairUp :: [a] -> [b] -> [(a,b)]
pairUp = undefined

Write a function splitUp that takes a list of pairs and returns a pair of lists. (This is called unzip in the prelude. Don’t define this function using unzip!)

splitUp :: [(a,b)] -> ([a],[b])
splitUp = undefined

Write a function sumAndLength that simultaneously sums a list and computes its length. You can define it using natural recursion or as a fold, but—traverse the list only once!

sumAndLength :: [Int] -> (Int,Int)
sumAndLength l = undefined

Problem 4: defining datatypes

The Either datatype introduces choice in a controlled fashion—values of the type Either a b can be either Left x (where x is an a) or Right y (where y is a b).

Define a datatype EitherList that embeds the Either type into a list. (This isn’t a good idea, but it’s a good exercise!)

To see what I mean, let’s combine lists and the Maybe datatype. Here’s Haskell’s list datatype:

data [a] = [] | a:[a]

Here’s its Maybe datatype:

data Maybe a = Nothing | Just a

What kinds of values inhabit the type [Maybe a]? There are two cases:

[], the empty list
a:as, where a has type Maybe a and as is a list of type [Maybe a]

But we can really split it into three cases:

[], the empty list
a:as, where as is a list of type [Maybe a], and:
a is Nothing
a is Just a', where a' has type a

Put another way:

[], the empty list
Nothing:as, where as is a list of type [Maybe a]
Just a:as, where a has type a and as has type [Maybe a]

To define MaybeList, we’ll write a data structure that has those constructors expliclty.

data MaybeList a =
    Nil
  | ConsNothing (MaybeList a)
  | ConsJust a (MaybeList a)

Note that these match up exactly with the last itemized list of cases.

Okay: do it for Either! Fill in the functions below—they should behave like the Prelude functions. You’ll also have to fill in the type. We’ve given you the constructors’ names. Make sure your Cons constructors takes arguments in the correct order, or we won’t be able to give you credit for any of this problem.

data EitherList a b = 
    Nil 
  | ConsLeft {- fill in -}
  | ConsRight {- fill in -}
  deriving (Eq, Show)

toEither :: [Either a b] -> EitherList a b
toEither = undefined

fromEither :: EitherList a b -> [Either a b]
fromEither = undefined

mapLeft :: (a -> c) -> EitherList a b -> EitherList c b
mapLeft = undefined

mapRight :: (b -> c) -> EitherList a b -> EitherList a c
mapRight = undefined

foldrEither :: (a -> c -> c) -> (b -> c -> c) -> c -> EitherList a b -> c
foldrEither = undefined

foldlEither :: (c -> a -> c) -> (c -> b -> c) -> c -> EitherList a b -> c
foldlEither = undefined

Problem 5: maps and sets

Haskell has many convenient data structures in its standard library. We’ll be playing with sets and maps today. Data.Map and Data.set are well documented on-line.

In this problem, we’ll use maps and sets to reason about graphs (in the network/graph theory sense, not in the statistical plotting sense).

We can start by defining what we mean by the nodes of the graph. We can use Haskell’s type system to keep from getting confused while letting nodes ‘just’ be strings.

newtype Node = Node { nodeName :: String } deriving (Eq,Ord,Show)

To create a Node, we can use the constructor, like so:

a = Node "a"
b = Node "b"
c = Node "c"
d = Node "d"
e = Node "e"

The deriving clause means we have == and `<= and show :: Node -> String for free, along with the function nodeName :: Node -> String, which gets the name out of a Node.

We can define a graph now as a map from Nodes to sets of Nodes. The Map type takes two arguments: the type of the map’s key and the type of the map’s value. Here the keys will be Nodes and the values will be sets of nodes. The Set type takes just one argument, like lists: the type of the set’s elements.

type Graph = Map Node (Set Node)

We don’t need to use newtype here, because we’re less worried about confusing graphs with other kinds of maps.

Let’s start by building a simple graph, g1:

    - b -
   /     \
a -       - d
   \     /
    - c -

g1 = Map.fromList [(a, Set.fromList [b,c]),
                   (b, Set.fromList [a,d]),        
                   (c, Set.fromList [a,d]),
                   (d, Set.fromList [b,c])]

Note that we’ve been careful to make sure the links are bidirectional: if the b is in the value mapped by a, then a is in the value mapped by b.

We can see what a has edges to by looking it up in g1:

aEdges = g1 ! a

Write a function isBidi that checks whether a mapping is bidirectional. Feel free to use any function in Data.Map, Data.Set, or the Prelude, and write as many helper functions as you need.

isBidi :: Graph -> Bool
isBidi = undefined

Write a function bidify that takes an arbitrary graph and makes it bidirectional.

bidify :: Graph -> Graph
bidify = undefined

Problem 6: arithmetic expressions

Our first language will be a simple one: arithmetic expressions using +, *, and negation.

data ArithExp = 
    Num Int
  | Plus ArithExp ArithExp
  | Times ArithExp ArithExp
  | Neg ArithExp
  deriving (Eq,Show)

(a) 10 points

We’re going to write an interpreter, which takes an arithmetic expression and evaluates it to a number. The general strategy here is the same as when we wrote naturally recursive functions over lists: break down each case of the datatype definition and use recursion on subparts.

For example, eval (Plus (Num 42) (Neg (Num 42))) should yield 0.

eval :: ArithExp -> Int
eval = undefined

(b) 10 points

Let’s extend our language to support subtraction—now we’re really cooking!

data ArithExp' = 
    Num' Int
  | Plus' ArithExp' ArithExp'
  | Sub' ArithExp' ArithExp'
  | Times' ArithExp' ArithExp'
  | Neg' ArithExp'
  deriving (Eq,Show)

But wait: we should be able to encode subtraction using what we have, giving us a very nice evaluation function.

eval' :: ArithExp' -> Int
eval' = eval . translate

Write a function that will translate this extended language to our original language—make sure that eval' does the right thing.

translate :: ArithExp' -> ArithExp
translate = undefined

(c) 10 points

In class, we gave denotational and rewrite semantics for the original ArithExp language.

What do we need to add for a denotational semantics of ArithExp'? What about a rewrite system?

fill in here

CSCI 131 Fall '15

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Homework 2

Haskell training, part II; semantics